美国农业部：欲知人工作物类别，请看专利。
直言了，2011-09-19 | 2011-09-20 20:13:25。
http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/68413587_h.html。


前阵子，农业官员搞“公关”，以给新闻媒体搞“培训”的名义、做转基因食品的商业推销活动。且不说那做法涉嫌违犯行政法规，就其前后对媒体继续搞的关于先玉335玉米的假话和耍赖，就是中国现代历史上的一大丑闻。

在那活动前后，农官学者又把先玉335父本PH4CV问题搬出来，说那专利不能用来判断作物是否为转基因，说那专利不是转基因类别、而是为未来可能使用范围而申明产权，说那个专利的类别仅为检索方便，还说即便使用了它、先玉335也不是转基因，等等。

就此，本人再次询问了美国农业部主管农业作物资源部门，问道：在你们的“植物资源”保护的PVP-品种列单上，有先锋良种公司的作物PH4CV和PH6WA等等；它们是不是转基因技术作物的属性？如何判断它们的属性？该部门负责人G?基纳德的答复相关文字如下：

From: XXXX@XXXX.USDA.GOV（防止垃圾邮件，抹去详情。需要者可到该网站查到）。
Sent: Wed 9/14/11 8:44 AM 。
……The PVP data page has links back to GRIN for each accession, which in turn has links (if applicable) to the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) database on each patent filing.

那文字说得再清楚不过：了解某人工发明作物之属性，要根据该作物的发明专利文件做查询判断。

如此，PH4CV专利有分类编码为“800/302” 和“800/300.1”类别的专利申明的产权申明。就该分类属性，美国专利局相关文字原文是：

[1] 800/302: Insect resistant plant which is transgenic or mutant。
[2] 800/300.1: The plant is maize: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein the herbicide resistant plant is maize, which is also known as corn or Zea mays.
[2-1] 800/300: Herbicide resistant plant which is transgenic or mutant。
文件连接：http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspc800/defs800.pdf。

那文字说的很清楚，PH4CV上述类别为转基因属性，且是有抗虫和除草之功能的转基因作物属性。

在美国农业部的玉米种植统计中，“Insect resistant plant”的玉米归为BT转基因品种，“Herbicide resistant plant”的玉米归为HT转基因品种。相关数据标题原文：

Genetically engineered (GE) corn varieties by State and United States, 2000-2011。
Insect-resistant (Bt) only（抗虫功能的转基因玉米）。
Herbicide-tolerant only （抗杂草/除草剂功能的转基因玉米）。
地址连接：http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/alltables.xls。

美国官方主管部门的文字都很明确地说明证明，PH4CV分类属性为转基因或含有转基因成分。--- 美国官方主管部门总比任何私人或机构组织更知道他们自己制定的法规规范之意义和如何执行那些法规吧。

附后是美国专利局关于什么是专利及其分类的解释。那说的很清楚：专利分类的第一功能是将发明做分类登记，第二功能才是查询检索。只有实现了的首创发明、才能申明产权；那些处于想法、未来或可能的东西无权无资格享有专利产权。对比法规规范来看，若先锋公司没实现“800/302”和“800/300-300.1”所属的首创发明，而只是想法、未来或可能的东西，那么，它就无权申明那个分类的产权。再说了，若某人某发明没有某个属性，美国专利局也不会（且法律也不允许）主动把没做的东西给添入产权申明并列入该分类；PH4CV享有该类别产权，说明它的属性类别就是转基因作物之技术发明。

反证设想：一位叫张三的男人在北京工作和居住，公安部门会不会因检索需要而在上海把他作为女性公民做户口登记呢？当然不会。同样，若PH4CV没有转基因属性，美国专利局也不会因检索需要而把它作为转基因技术发明而在转基因类别里做登记；也同样，若该两项分类意义不是转基因技术发明产品，那么，美国农业部也不会把它们归为转基因作物种植统计。


当然，尽管实物检验成本比专利查询要高许多，但也更有说服力。前阵子，农业部门搞推销转基因食品的“公关”、试图以“培训”名义给新闻媒体灌输虚假信息。面对提问事实，那些农官不得不承认环保部门检验出先玉-335含有CAMV-35S启动子的事实。然而，那些农官却搞起了耍赖，说“凡是植物都有启动子”，企图继续否认先玉335玉米为转基因或含有转基因成分的作物的事实。就那些农官厚颜耍赖的行为，有网友做出了生动而精辟的比喻：

检验员说：“检测到了癌症细胞。”。
农业官员：“凡人都有细胞。”，由此狡赖说被检验的病人没有癌症。

为推销转基因食品和圈钱，农业官员搞的撒谎假话规模之大和时间之长，现代历史罕见；而面对事实搞耍赖之厚颜程度，更是现代中国历史上没见过的。详情故事，见：

农业部首度承认环保部检测先玉335含启动子。文/金微，2011-09-18 09:27。
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4925873e0102dtj1.html 。

该文以官方与学界的操作惯例说明，就某食品作物检验出CAMV-35S启动子，即可判定该作物为转基因或含有转基因成分之作物。鉴于那些农官和相关公司先锋良种公司可能勾结起来再搞耍赖和否认，这里做些补充：先玉335品种产权所有人先锋良种公司自己，就在许多场合明确说明，CAMV-35S启动子是检验判断某作物为转基因或含有转基因品种的重要指标之一。譬如，

例一：先锋良种公司为美国官方机构做过多次的转基因食品安全评估的咨询报告。那些报告明确提出，CAMV-35S启动子是检验分析某食品作物的转基因成分的重要指标或目标。这是其报告其中之一：

The following table (Table 1) outlines the identities and sources of the introduced genetic material in soybean plants expressing the GAT4601 protein.
Table 1. Identity and Sources of Introduced Genetic Material（基因材料鉴定来源）：
Genetic Element: SCP1promoter。
Size (base pairs): 486。
Description: Constitutive synthetic core promoter consisting of a portion of the CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., 1985) and the Rsyn7-Syn II Core consensus promoter (Bowen et al., 2000, 2003).。
来源：Early Food Safety Evaluation for a Glyphosate N-Acetytransferase Protein: GAT4601。
Submitting Company: Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.。 June 16, 2006。
连接：http://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/biotechnology/submissions/ucm218911.pdf。

例二：先锋良种公司等曾面临侵权官司。辩护和判决书说明，该公司申明没有侵权的重要根据之一，就是CAMV-35S为转基因技术的发明和使用的情况之分析判断的重要指标之一。这是该官司的法院判决书：

MEMORANDUM OPINION。
Dated: November 19, 2004, Wilmington, Delaware。
ROBINSON, Chief Judge。
SYNGENTA SEEDS v MONSANTO and PIONEER（ETC）。
http://www.ded.uscourts.gov/SLR/Opinions/Nov2004/02-1331g.pdf。

如此，农官及先锋良种公司若耍赖说检验到CAMV-35S也不是转基因，那么，公众社会就有充分的理由说明：先锋良种公司为美国官方做的转基因食品安全评估报告都是造假、即欺骗了美国官方主管部门；或者，该公司给法院提供的辩护材料为虚假证据，因而可推翻该判决、该公司应做出巨额赔偿。

简单说，摆在先锋良种公司面前的事情很清楚：遵守中国法律和美国对外贸易法规，就先玉335-及其父本PH4CV而对中国市场、用户和主管部门所搞的带有故意欺骗的行为，做出公开的检讨反省和赔礼道歉，就该产品做出主动的全部召回处理、并对相关中国农户和消费者做出赔偿。

至于中国农官，但愿中国主管部门能依法办事，对他们多年多次重复的、特别是这一年多来关于转基因食品和先玉335-玉米所做的故意撒谎和欺上瞒下的行为，对他们为掩盖真相而迫使检验结果不能依法公布的知法犯法行为，对他们用“公关”经费及手段买通媒体及一些个人、发表文章欺骗社会和对讲真话的人搞打击报复和造谣诽谤的行为，都做出严惩不怠的处理、给中国13亿民众有个交代。

至于一些媒体，特别是光明媒体、发表新闻评论把关于先玉335-玉米真相报道说成是“2010年十大谣言”，该媒体也是有不可推卸的责任，依法办事就其造谣诽谤行为而做出公开的赔礼道歉、并对相关渎职人员做出处理，给读者社会和受害者都有个起码的交代。

附件：35S启动子的专利文件，包括相关序列数据：
US 5352605 (granted patent)。
Chimeric genes for transforming plant cells using viral promoters。
http://www.patentlens.net/patentlens/patents.html?patnums=US5352605&returnTo=quick.html%3Fquery%3D%2528US5352605%2Bin%2Bpublication_number%2529 。


附件：35S启动子跟艾滋病毒类似。譬如：
The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus promoter - a hazard in GE plants
http://www.psrast.org/newvir.htm 。

国际学界早有研究披露，一些疾病或疾病扩散就可能来自含有35S-BT/HT转基因作物。就此，还有35S-HIV的类似问题，国内学界也早已知道，譬如：
美研究人员发现人类可以从植物病毒研究中获取灵感。
科技部门户网站。 2007年08月16日。 来源：科技日报。
http://www.most.gov.cn/gnwkjdt/200708/t20070815_52491.htm 。



附件：美国专利局的通俗解释：什么可以申明专利？
连接：http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/general_info_concerning_patents.jsp#heading-31。
What Can Be Patented

The patent law specifies the general field of subject matter that can be patented and the conditions under which a patent may be obtained.

In the language of the statute, any person who "invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent," subject to the conditions and requirements of the law. The word "process" is defined by law as a process, act or method, and primarily includes industrial or technical processes. The term "machine" used in the statute needs no explanation. The term "manufacture" refers to articles that are made, and includes all manufactured articles. The term "composition of matter" relates to chemical compositions and may include mixtures of ingredients as well as new chemical compounds. These classes of subject matter taken together include practically everything that is made by man and the processes for making the products.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 excludes the patenting of inventions useful solely in the utilization of special nuclear material or atomic energy in an atomic weapon. See 42 U.S.C. 2181(a).

The patent law specifies that the subject matter must be "useful." The term "useful" in this connection refers to the condition that the subject matter has a useful purpose and also includes operativeness, that is, a machine which will not operate to perform the intended purpose would not be called useful, and therefore would not be granted a patent.

Interpretations of the statute by the courts have defined the limits of the field of subject matter that can be patented, thus it has been held that the laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas are not patentable subject matter.

A patent cannot be obtained upon a mere idea or suggestion. The patent is granted upon the new machine, manufacture, etc., as has been said, and not upon the idea or suggestion of the new machine. A complete description of the actual machine or other subject matter for which a patent is sought is required.



附件：美国专利局：什么是专利分类？
http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/help.htm。
3. What is a Patent Classification?

A Patent Classification is a code which provides a method for categorizing the invention. Classification are typically expressed as "482/1". The first number, 482, represents the class of invention. The number following the slash is the subclass of invention within the class. There are about 450 Classes of invention and about 150,000 subclasses of invention in the USPC.

Classes and subclasses have titles which provide a short description of the class or subclass. Classes and subclasses also have definitions which provide a more detailed explanation. Many Classes and subclasses have explicitly defined relationships to one another. Subclasses contain patents. In a sense, classes also contain patents but for classificaiton purposes patents are always classified at the subclass level. That is one or more classifications (i.e., class/subclass designations) are assigned to each granted patent and each published application.

A patent classification also represents a searchable collection of patents grouped together according to similarly claimed subject matter.

A classification is used both as a tool for finding patents (patentability searches), and for assisting in the assignment of patent applications to examiners for examination purposes. Classifications have definitions. Classifications have hierarchical relationships to one another.


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