核心提示：国际生物科学杂志（International Journal of Biological Sciences）最近发表了一项研究。该项研究论文的作者们获得结论：老鼠食用转基因玉米与增加了的器官受损失效有联系。 他们发现，老鼠喂食转基因玉米仅90天对它们的肾脏与肝脏产生了“清晰的负面影响”。
哈佛医学院乔斯·B·马丁中心对转基因看法：89%的美国人希望转基因食品标识，但美国FDA不要求标识；转基因对于增加农作物产量做的很少，而且转基因可能使农作物在在灾害性气候条件下更大风险，传统农作物培育以及农耕其他改进被证实为有效的多；美国转基因作物种植实际上增加了除草剂与杀虫剂使用量；邻近作物花粉使非转基因作物免受污染很困难，如果不是不可能的话；生物技术产业十多年来一直强调，人类食用转基因食物与负面健康影响之间没有直接联系，但是反对者们引证对转基因不利的大量证据；国际生物科学杂志最近发表的论文发现，老鼠喂食转基因玉米仅90天对它们的肾脏与肝脏产生了“清晰的负面影响”；美国环境医学科学院对转基因食物也采取了坚决反对的立场。他们声明，转基因“在毒理学、过敏预计免疫功能、生育健康、新陈代谢、生理与基因健康这些方面导致严重健康风险，而没有任何益处。”美国环境医学科学院推荐人民避免转基因食品，要求对转基因食品标识，同时进行确认转基因长期安全性的研究。
向“转基因伪科普”教主方舟子进言：赶紧去哈佛医学院“打假、批伪科学”吧！
Food for Thought: Genetically modified nourishment
对食物的考虑：转基因的营养物
The Jose B. Martin Conference Center, Harvard Medical School.
哈佛医学院乔斯·B·马丁中心
Tuesday, April 12, 2011
2011年4月12日
转载自：http://hms.harvard.edu/public/longwood/041211_longwood_packet.pdf
翻译与转载：陈一文（cheniwan@mx.cei.gov.cn）
（80年代两届全国青联委员）
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Four questions about Genetically Modified Foods
关于转基因食品的四个问题
1. How does the U.S. differ from other countries regarding the use of genetically modified (GM) foods?
1、美国在关于转基因食品使用问题上与其他国家有何区别？
Many other countries have been cautious about allowing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the food supply and require them to be labeled. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, however, does not require that food from genetically modified animals or plants be labeled as such, despite studies showing that 89% of Americans are in favor of labeling GMOcontaining foods.
许多国家对于允许转基因生物体进入食品供应较为谨慎并要求标识它们。尽管民意调查表明89%的美国人希望转基因食品标识，美国食品与药物管理署不要求对来自转基因动物或植物的食物进行标识。
2. Do GMOs Increase Crop Yields?
2、转基因生物体是否增加农作物产量？
Many GMOs were created with the intent of growing more food per acre. But a recent review by the Union of Concerned Scientists concluded that "after more than 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization in the United States ... genetic engineering has done little to increase overall crop yield." Instead, the report says, traditional plant breeding and other improvements in farming have proven far more effective.
许多转基因生物体被创造时有增加每英亩食物产量的打算。但是，有“有所担心科学家联盟”最近进行的一项审查结论，“在美国经过了20年研究与13年商业化种植后，……转基因对于增加农作物产量做的很少。”与此相反，该报告说，传统农作物培育以及农耕其他改进被证实为有效的多。
GMOs may even put crops at risk for greater catastrophic failure. They encourage monocropping, the practice of growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without rotating other crops through. This reduces biodiversity, which can leave crops more vulnerable to particular pests and diseases. This occurred with genetically modified corn in Africa and cotton in India. Traditional farming practices promote biodiversity, which strengthens the overall crop.
转基因可能使农作物在在灾害性气候条件下更大风险。转基因农业鼓励单一农作物种植，即同一地块上年复一年种植相同的农作物，不进行与其他农作物的轮作。这减少了生物多样性，使农作物对某些昆虫与疾病更加脆弱抵抗性差。在非洲种植转基因玉米与印度种植转基因棉花都发生了这种情况。传统农耕作业促进生物多样性，它反过来强化整个农作物状况。
3. Are GMOs Better for the Environment?
3、转基因生物体是否对环境更好？
GMOs were originally expected to need fewer chemicals to grow. But a recent report from The Organic Center showed that GMO crops actually have increased herbicide and pesticide use. In fact, "an additional 318 million pounds of pesticides were applied due to the planting of Genetically Engineered crops from 1996 to 2008." According to the data, GMOs are actually worse when it comes to releasing chemicals into our environment.
转基因生物体原本期望种植中可以用更少的化学品。但是，“有机中心”最近的一个报告表明，转基因作物种植实际上增加了除草剂与杀虫剂使用量。事实上，“从1996年到2008年，转基因农作物种植导致增加使用了3.18亿磅杀虫剂。”根据有关统计数据，在释放化学品进入我们的环境方面，转基因作物实际上（比非转基因传统作物）更差。
It is also difficult to predict the effect of these newly introduced genes from GMOs on the larger environment. Pollination from neighboring crops makes it difficult, if not impossible, to keep non-GMO crops free from contamination.
转基因引入的这些新的基因对更大环境的影响难于预测。邻近作物花粉使非转基因作物免受污染很困难，如果不是不可能的话。
The modified DNA can also be transferred through organisms in the soil. A recent Canadian study found bioengineered genes present in many bacteria and organisms living in fields planted with genetically engineered corn. While the long term effects of this are unknown, there is concern that we may be unintentionally transferring DNA to other species.
转基因的DNA亦可以通过土壤中生物进行迁移。简单最近的一项研究发现，种植转基因玉米农田中的许多细菌和生物存在着转基因的基因。这种情况的长期影响目前不清，令人担心我们可能非故意地将转基因迁移到其他物种。
4. Are They Safe To Eat?
4、食用转基因食品是否安全？
The biotechnology industry points to over a decade of humans eating GMOs with no direct link to negative health effects. But opponents cite mounting evidence against GMOs along with the fact that there is no well-designed, long-term safety testing. This is what is needed to truly ensure safety.
生物技术产业十多年来一直强调，人类食用转基因食物与负面健康影响之间没有直接联系。但是反对者们引证对转基因不利的大量证据，而且这些证据是在至今还没有良好设计的长期安全试验研究的情况下提出来的。为确保安全，这样的良好设计的长期安全试验研究非常需要。
A recent study published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences highlights this concern. The authors concluded that consumption of GMO corn by rats was associated with increased organ failure. They found "a clear negative impact" on the kidneys and livers of rats that consumed geneticallymodified corn for just 90 days.
国际生物科学杂志（International Journal of Biological Sciences）最近发表的一项研究突出强调了这方面的担心。该项研究论文的作者们获得结论，老鼠食用转基因玉米与增加了的器官受损失效有联系。他们发现，老鼠喂食转基因玉米仅90天对它们的肾脏与肝脏产生了“清晰的负面影响”。
The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) has also taken an aggressive position against genetically modified foods. It states that they "pose a serious health risk in the areas of toxicology, allergy and immune function, reproductive health, and metabolic, physiologic and genetic health and are without benefit." The AAEM recommends that people avoid genetically modified foods, that they are labeled, and that studies are done to establish their longterm safety.
美国环境医学科学院（American Academy of Environmental Medicine -- AAEM）对转基因食物也采取了坚决反对的立场。他们声明，转基因“在毒理学、过敏预计免疫功能、生育健康、新陈代谢、生理与基因健康这些方面导致严重健康风险，而没有任何益处。”美国环境医学科学院推荐人民避免转基因食品，要求对转基因食品标识，同时进行确认转基因长期安全性的研究。